The evolution of the human diet has profoundly shaped our species’ development. Early humans transitioned from a plant-based diet to incorporating meat, sparking significant brain growth due to increased caloric and nutrient intake. Cooking food makes nutrients more accessible, reducing digestive demands and enabling energy to be redirected toward brain function. The agricultural revolution introduced grains, dairy, and domesticated foods, altering physical traits and microbiomes. Modern diets, heavily processed and nutrient-poor, contrast sharply with ancestral nutrition and raise questions about long-term health impacts. Studying diet’s role in Human Evolution reveals how food choices influenced anatomy, cognition, and society. Our dietary history underscores its integral role in shaping who we are today and how we adapt moving forward.